Akhada in Hinduism | List of akhadas with meaning

Akhada in Hinduism - Akhadas in Hinduism are ancient monastic institutions that combine spiritual pursuits, religious education, and martial training. They were initially formed to protect Hindu temples, scriptures, and culture from foreign invasions. 

Akhada in Hinduism

These Akhadas are divided into Shaiva, Vaishnava, and Udasin sects, with each having distinct practices and traditions. Beyond their historical role as protectors of Dharma, they continue to guide devotees, preserve sacred texts, and lead major religious events like the Kumbh Mela. This detailed exploration sheds light on the types, sub-sects, and significance of Akhadas in safeguarding Hindu heritage.

Akhadas in Hinduism: A Comprehensive Overview

Akhadas (or Akharas) are institutionalized groups of ascetics, warriors, and spiritual practitioners in Hinduism, playing a crucial role in preserving the traditions of Sanatan Dharma. They were historically established as centers for spiritual training and defense of Hindu temples and culture against foreign invaders.

The Akhadas are primarily categorized under Shaiva, Vaishnava, and Udasin sects, each with specific branches and sub-Akhadas. Below is a detailed exploration, including a complete list of Akhadas and their sub-sects.

1. Shaiva Akhadas (Dashanami Akhadas)

These Akhadas follow Shaivism, a sect devoted to the worship of Lord Shiva. They were classified and organized by Adi Shankaracharya, who unified renunciants into ten groups called Dashanami Akhadas.

Main Shaiva Akhadas:

1. Mahanirvani Akhada: One of the oldest and most revered Shaiva Akhadas.
2. Atal Akhada: Known for its strong monastic discipline.
3. Niranjani Akhada: Famous for its contributions to spiritual teachings.
4. Anand Akhada: Focuses on meditation and religious education.
5. Juna Akhada (Bhairav Akhada): The largest and most influential Shaiva Akhada.
6. Avahan Akhada: Primarily a warrior Akhada.
7. Agni Akhada: Specializes in rigorous ascetic practices.

Dashanami Classification of Shaiva Akhadas:

The Dashanami system includes the following ten sub-groups:

1. Giri: Symbolizing ascetics residing on hills.
2. Puri: Associated with saints living near pilgrimage centers.
3. Bharati: Known for knowledge and learning.
4. Tirtha: Monks living near holy water bodies.
5. Ban: Renunciants associated with forests.
6. Aranya: Hermits living in seclusion.
7. Parvat: Monks dwelling in mountainous regions.
8. Ashram: Those managing spiritual centers.
9. Sagar: Saints associated with the sea.
10. Saraswati: Scholars specializing in scriptures.

These groups collectively form the backbone of Shaiva monastic orders, promoting both spiritual education and martial skills.

2. Vaishnava Akhadas

These Akhadas belong to the Vaishnavite tradition, which venerates Lord Vishnu and his avatars such as Krishna and Rama. They are known for their deep devotion and rigorous study of scriptures.

Main Vaishnava Akhadas:

1. Digambar Akhada: Known for its ascetic discipline.
2. Nirmohi Akhada: One of the oldest and most respected Vaishnava Akhadas, involved in the Ayodhya temple movement.
3. Nirvani Akhada: Prominent for its scholarly pursuits.

Additional Vaishnava Akhadas:

1. Niralambi Akhada: Focuses on complete renunciation.
2. Santoshi Akhada: Dedicated to maintaining peace and devotion.
3. Mahanirvani Akhada: Similar to its Shaiva counterpart but follows Vaishnav principles.
4. Khaki Akhada: Known for its militant protection of temples.

These Akhadas have a vital role in safeguarding Hindu practices and temples from aggressors.

Sub-Akhadas and Khalsas (18 in Total)

Vaishnava Akhadas have additional branches, often called Khalsas. These include smaller spiritual and martial orders.

3. Udasin Akhadas

The Udasin Akhadas were established by followers of Guru Shankaracharya and Guru Nanak Dev. They blend elements of Shaivism and Vaishnavism and are more liberal in their teachings.

Main Udasin Akhadas:

1. Udasin Panchayati Bada Akhada: One of the largest Udasin Akhadas.
2. Udasin Panchayati Naya Akhada: Known for its inclusive approach to spirituality.

Nirmal Akhada of Sikhs:

This Akhada was inspired by Guru Gobind Singh and is part of the Udasin tradition.

Geographical Distribution of Akhadas

Interestingly, all major Akhadas participating in Kumbh Mela are based in North Bharat. There are no significant Akhadas from South Bharat. This regional difference is attributed to historical reasons:

• North Bharat faced constant threats from foreign invaders, necessitating the establishment of warrior-ascetic Akhadas.
• South Bharat, being relatively peaceful, became a center for scholars and practitioners of devotion (Bhakti Marg).

Mission of Akhadas: Protection of Dharma

The primary mission of Akhadas has always been the protection of Hindu Dharma. They achieve this through the following:

1. Spiritual Education: Teaching scriptures, meditation, and religious practices.
2. Martial Training: Preparing ascetics to defend religious sites and protect Dharma.
3. Kumbh Mela Leadership: Leading ritualistic processions and guiding devotees during the Kumbh Mela.
4. Social Service: Establishing schools, hospitals, and community centers.
5. Preservation of Scriptures: Safeguarding and disseminating ancient Hindu texts.

Kumbh Mela and Akhadas

Akhadas play a central role in the grand Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela, which occurs every 12 years. During this event:

• Akhadas lead ritualistic processions and participate in the ceremonial Shahi Snan (royal bath).
• The display of martial skills by Naga Sadhus and other Akhadas is a major highlight.

Conclusion

Akhadas in Hinduism represent a harmonious blend of spirituality, discipline, and protection of Dharma. They are living institutions that have safeguarded Hindu traditions through centuries of challenges. From spiritual education to martial defense, Akhadas continue to play a pivotal role in preserving the cultural and religious heritage of India.